CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) NAME cvs - Concurrent Versions System SYNOPSIS cvs [ cvs_options ] cvs_command [ command_options ] [ command_args ] DESCRIPTION cvs is a front end to the rcs(1) revision control system which extends the notion of revision control from a collec- tion of files in a single directory to a hierarchical col- lection of directories consisting of revision controlled files. These directories and files can be combined together to form a software release. cvs provides the functions necessary to manage these software releases and to control the concurrent editing of source files among multiple software developers. cvs keeps a single copy of the master sources. This copy is called the source ``repository''; it contains all the infor- mation to permit extracting previous software releases at any time based on either a symbolic revision tag, or a date in the past. ESSENTIAL COMMANDS cvs provides a rich variety of commands (cvs_command in the Synopsis), each of which often has a wealth of options, to satisfy the many needs of source management in distributed environments. However, you don't have to master every detail to do useful work with cvs; in fact, five commands are sufficient to use (and contribute to) the source reposi- tory. cvs checkout modules... A necessary preliminary for most cvs work: creates your private copy of the source for modules (named collec- tions of source; you can also use a path relative to the source repository here). You can work with this copy without interfering with others' work. At least one subdirectory level is always created. cvs update Execute this command from within your private source directory when you wish to update your copies of source files from changes that other developers have made to the source in the repository. cvs add file... Use this command to enroll new files in cvs records of your working directory. The files will be added to the repository the next time you run `cvs commit'. Note: You should use the `cvs import' command to bootstrap Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 1 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) new sources into the source repository. `cvs add' is only used for new files to an already checked-out module. cvs remove file... Use this command (after erasing any files listed) to declare that you wish to eliminate files from the repo- sitory. The removal does not affect others until you run `cvs commit'. cvs commit file... Use this command when you wish to ``publish'' your changes to other developers, by incorporating them in the source repository. OPTIONS The cvs command line can include cvs_options, which apply to the overall cvs program; a cvs_command, which specifies a particular action on the source repository; and command_options and command_arguments to fully specify what the cvs_command will do. Warning: you must be careful of precisely where you place options relative to the cvs_command. The same option can mean different things depending on whether it is in the cvs_options position (to the left of a cvs command) or in the command_options position (to the right of a cvs com- mand). There are only two situations where you may omit cvs_command: `cvs -H' or `cvs --help' elicits a list of available commands, and `cvs -v' or `cvs --version' displays version information on cvs itself. CVS OPTIONS As of release 1.6, cvs supports GNU style long options as well as short options. Only a few long options are currently supported, these are listed in brackets after the short options whose functions they duplicate. Use these options to control the overall cvs program: -H [ --help ] Display usage information about the specified cvs_command (but do not actually execute the command). If you don't specify a command name, `cvs -H' displays a summary of all the commands available. -Q Causes the command to be really quiet; the command will generate output only for serious problems. Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 2 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) -q Causes the command to be somewhat quiet; informational messages, such as reports of recursion through sub- directories, are suppressed. -b bindir Use bindir as the directory where RCS programs are located. Overrides the setting of the RCSBIN environ- ment variable. This value should be specified as an absolute pathname. -d CVS_root_directory Use CVS_root_directory as the root directory pathname of the master RCS source repository. Overrides the setting of the CVSROOT environment variable. This value should be specified as an absolute pathname. -e editor Use editor to enter revision log information. Over- rides the setting of the CVSEDITOR and the EDITOR environment variables. -f Do not read the cvs startup file (~/.cvsrc). -l Do not log the cvs_command in the command history (but execute it anyway). See the description of the history command for information on command history. -n Do not change any files. Attempt to execute the cvs_command, but only to issue reports; do not remove, update, or merge any existing files, or create any new files. -t Trace program execution; display messages showing the steps of cvs activity. Particularly useful with -n to explore the potential impact of an unfamiliar command. -r Makes new working files read-only. Same effect as if the CVSREAD environment variable is set. -v [ --version ] Displays version and copyright information for cvs. -w Makes new working files read-write (default). Over- rides the setting of the CVSREAD environment variable. -z compression-level When transferring files across the network use gzip with compression level compression-level to compress and de-compress data as it is transferred. Requires the presence of the GNU gzip program in the current search path at both ends of the link. Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 3 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) USAGE Except when requesting general help with `cvs -H', you must specify a cvs_command to cvs to select a specific release control function to perform. Each cvs command accepts its own collection of options and arguments. However, many options are available across several commands. You can display a usage summary for each command by specifying the -H option with the command. CVS STARTUP FILE Normally, when CVS starts up, it reads the .cvsrc file from the home directory of the user reading it. This startup procedure can be turned off with the -f flag. The .cvsrc file lists CVS commands with a list of arguments, one command per line. For example, the following line in .cvsrc: diff -c will mean that the `cvs diff' command will always be passed the -c option in addition to any other options that are specified in the command line (in this case it will have the effect of producing context sensitive diffs for all execu- tions of `cvs diff' ). CVS COMMAND SUMMARY Here are brief descriptions of all the cvs commands: add Add a new file or directory to the repository, pending a `cvs commit' on the same file. Can only be done from within sources created by a previous `cvs checkout' invocation. Use `cvs import' to place whole new hierarchies of sources under cvs control. (Does not directly affect repository; changes working directory.) admin Execute RCS control functions on the source repository. (Changes repository directly; uses working directory without changing it.) checkout Make a working directory of source files for editing. (Creates or changes working directory.) commit Apply to the source repository changes, additions, and deletions from your working directory. (Changes repo- sitory.) diff Show differences between files in working directory and source repository, or between two revisions in source Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 4 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) repository. (Does not change either repository or working directory.) export Prepare copies of a set of source files for shipment off site. Differs from `cvs checkout' in that no cvs administrative directories are created (and therefore `cvs commit' cannot be executed from a directory prepared with `cvs export'), and a symbolic tag must be specified. (Does not change repository; creates direc- tory similar to working directories). history Show reports on cvs commands that you or others have executed on a particular file or directory in the source repository. (Does not change repository or working directory.) History logs are kept only if enabled by creation of the `$CVSROOT/CVSROOT/history' file; see cvs(5). import Incorporate a set of updates from off-site into the source repository, as a ``vendor branch''. (Changes repository.) log Display RCS log information. (Does not change reposi- tory or working directory.) rdiff Prepare a collection of diffs as a patch file between two releases in the repository. (Does not change repo- sitory or working directory.) release Cancel a `cvs checkout', abandoning any changes. (Can delete working directory; no effect on repository.) remove Remove files from the source repository, pending a `cvs commit' on the same files. (Does not directly affect repository; changes working directory.) rtag Explicitly specify a symbolic tag for particular revi- sions of files in the source repository. See also `cvs tag'. (Changes repository directly; does not require or affect working directory.) status Show current status of files: latest version, version in working directory, whether working version has been edited and, optionally, symbolic tags in the RCS file. (Does not change repository or working directory.) Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 5 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) tag Specify a symbolic tag for files in the repository. By default, tags the revisions that were last synchronized with your working directory. (Changes repository directly; uses working directory without changing it.) update Bring your working directory up to date with changes from the repository. Merges are performed automati- cally when possible; a warning is issued if manual resolution is required for conflicting changes. (Changes working directory; does not change reposi- tory.) COMMON COMMAND OPTIONS This section describes the command_options that are avail- able across several cvs commands. Not all commands support all of these options; each option is only supported for com- mands where it makes sense. However, when a command has one of these options you can count on the same meaning for the option as in other commands. (Other command options, which are listed with the individual commands, may have different meanings from one cvs command to another.) Warning: the his- tory command is an exception; it supports many options that conflict even with these standard options. -D date_spec Use the most recent revision no later than date_spec (a single argument, date description specifying a date in the past). A wide variety of date formats are sup- ported by the underlying RCS facilities, similar to those described in co(1), but not exactly the same. The date_spec is interpreted as being in the local timezone, unless a specific timezone is specified. The specification is ``sticky'' when you use it to make a private copy of a source file; that is, when you get a working file using -D, cvs records the date you speci- fied, so that further updates in the same directory will use the same date (unless you explicitly override it; see the description of the update command). -D is available with the checkout, diff, history, rdiff, rtag, and update commands. Examples of valid date specifications include: 1 month ago 2 hours ago 400000 seconds ago last year last Monday yesterday a fortnight ago 3/31/92 10:00:07 PST January 23, 1987 10:05pm 22:00 GMT Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 6 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) -f When you specify a particular date or tag to cvs com- mands, they normally ignore files that do not contain the tag (or did not exist on the date) that you speci- fied. Use the -f option if you want files retrieved even when there is no match for the tag or date. (The most recent version is used in this situation.) -f is available with these commands: checkout, export, rdiff, rtag, and update. -H Help; describe the options available for this command. This is the only option supported for all cvs commands. -k kflag Alter the default RCS processing of keywords; all the -k options described in co(1) are available. The -k option is available with the add, checkout, diff, rdiff, and update commands. Your kflag specification is ``sticky'' when you use it to create a private copy of a source file; that is, when you use this option with the checkout or update commands, cvs associates your selected kflag with the file, and continues to use it with future update commands on the same file until you specify otherwise. Some of the more useful kflags are -ko and -kb (for binary files, only compatible with RCS version 5.7 or later), and -kv which is useful for an export where you wish to retain keyword information after an import at some other site. -l Local; run only in current working directory, rather than recurring through subdirectories. Available with the following commands: checkout, commit, diff, export, remove, rdiff, status, tag, and update. Warning: this is not the same as the overall `cvs -l' option, which you can specify to the left of a cvs command! -n Do not run any checkout/commit/tag/ program. (A pro- gram can be specified to run on each of these activi- ties, in the modules database; this option bypasses it.) Available with the checkout, commit, export, and rtag commands. Warning: this is not the same as the overall `cvs -n' option, which you can specify to the left of a cvs command! -P Prune (remove) directories that are empty after being updated, on checkout, or update. Normally, an empty directory (one that is void of revision-controlled files) is left alone. Specifying -P will cause these directories to be silently removed from your checked- out sources. This does not remove the directory from the repository, only from your checked out copy. Note Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 7 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) that this option is implied by the -r or -D options of checkout and export. -p Pipe the files retrieved from the repository to stan- dard output, rather than writing them in the current directory. Available with the checkout and update com- mands. -r tag Use the revision specified by the tag argument instead of the default ``head'' revision. As well as arbitrary tags defined with the tag or rtag command, two special tags are always available: `HEAD' refers to the most recent version available in the repository, and `BASE' refers to the revision you last checked out into the current working directory. The tag specification is ``sticky'' when you use this option with `cvs checkout' or `cvs update' to make your own copy of a file: cvs remembers the tag and continues to use it on future update commands, until you specify otherwise. tag can be either a symbolic or numeric tag, in RCS fashion. Specifying the -q global option along with the -r command option is often useful, to suppress the warning messages when the RCS file does not contain the specified tag. -r is available with the checkout, commit, diff, history, export, rdiff, rtag, and update commands. Warning: this is not the same as the overall `cvs -r' option, which you can specify to the left of a cvs command! CVS COMMANDS Here (finally) are details on all the cvs commands and the options each accepts. The summary lines at the top of each command's description highlight three kinds of things: Command Options and Arguments Special options are described in detail below; common command options may appear only in the sum- mary line. Working Directory, or Repository? Some cvs commands require a working directory to operate; some require a repository. Also, some commands change the repository, some change the working directory, and some change nothing. Synonyms Many commands have synonyms, which you may find easier to remember (or type) than the principal name. Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 8 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) add [-k kflag] [-m 'message'] files... Requires: repository, working directory. Changes: working directory. Synonym: new Use the add command to create a new file or directory in the RCS source repository. The files or directories specified with add must already exist in the current directory (which must have been created with the checkout command). To add a whole new directory hierarchy to the source repository (for example, files received from a third-party vendor), use the `cvs import' command instead. If the argument to `cvs add' refers to an immediate sub-directory, the directory is created at the correct place in the RCS source repository, and the necessary cvs administration files are created in your working directory. If the directory already exists in the source repository, `cvs add' still creates the adminis- tration files in your version of the directory. This allows you to use `cvs add' to add a particular direc- tory to your private sources even if someone else created that directory after your checkout of the sources. You can do the following: example% mkdir new_directory example% cvs add new_directory example% cvs update new_directory An alternate approach using `cvs update' might be: example% cvs update -d new_directory (To add any available new directories to your working directory, it's probably simpler to use `cvs checkout' or `cvs update -d'.) The added files are not placed in the RCS source repo- sitory until you use `cvs commit' to make the change permanent. Doing a `cvs add' on a file that was removed with the `cvs remove' command will resurrect the file, if no `cvs commit' command intervened. You will have the opportunity to specify a logging mes- sage, as usual, when you use `cvs commit' to make the new file permanent. If you'd like to have another log- ging message associated with just creation of the file (for example, to describe the file's purpose), you can specify it with the `-m message' option to the add com- mand. The `-k kflag' option specifies the default way that Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 9 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) this file will be checked out. The `kflag' argument is stored in the RCS file and can be changed with `cvs admin'. Specifying `-ko' is useful for checking in binaries that shouldn't have the RCS id strings expanded. admin [rcs-options] files... Requires: repository, working directory. Changes: repository. Synonym: rcs This is the cvs interface to assorted administrative RCS facilities, documented in rcs(1). `cvs admin' sim- ply passes all its options and arguments to the rcs command; it does no filtering or other processing. This command does work recursively, however, so extreme care should be used. checkout [options] modules... Requires: repository. Changes: working directory. Synonyms: co, get Make a working directory containing copies of the source files specified by modules. You must execute `cvs checkout' before using most of the other cvs com- mands, since most of them operate on your working directory. modules are either symbolic names (themselves defined as the module `modules' in the source repository; see cvs(5)) for some collection of source directories and files, or paths to directories or files in the reposi- tory. Depending on the modules you specify, checkout may recursively create directories and populate them with the appropriate source files. You can then edit these source files at any time (regardless of whether other software developers are editing their own copies of the sources); update them to include new changes applied by others to the source repository; or commit your work as a permanent change to the RCS repository. Note that checkout is used to create directories. The top-level directory created is always added to the directory where checkout is invoked, and usually has the same name as the specified module. In the case of a module alias, the created sub-directory may have a different name, but you can be sure that it will be a sub-directory, and that checkout will show the relative path leading to each file as it is extracted into your private work area (unless you specify the -Q global option). Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 10 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) Running `cvs checkout' on a directory that was already built by a prior checkout is also permitted, and has the same effect as specifying the -d option to the update command described below. The options permitted with `cvs checkout' include the standard command options -P, -f, -k kflag , -l, -n, -p, -r tag, and -D date. In addition to those, you can use these special command options with checkout: Use the -A option to reset any sticky tags, dates, or -k options. (If you get a working file using one of the -r, -D, or -k options, cvs remembers the corresponding tag, date, or kflag and continues using it on future updates; use the -A option to make cvs forget these specifications, and retrieve the ``head'' version of the file). The -j branch option merges the changes made between the resulting revision and the revision that it is based on (e.g., if the tag refers to a branch, cvs will merge all changes made in that branch into your working file). With two -j options, cvs will merge in the changes between the two respective revisions. This can be used to ``remove'' a certain delta from your working file. In addition, each -j option can contain on optional date specification which, when used with branches, can limit the chosen revision to one within a specific date. An optional date is specified by adding a colon (:) to the tag. An example might be what `cvs import' tells you to do when you have just imported sources that have conflicts with local changes: example% cvs checkout -jTAG:yesterday -jTAG module Use the -N option with `-d dir' to avoid shortening module paths in your working directory. (Normally, cvs shortens paths as much as possible when you specify an explicit target directory.) Use the -c option to copy the module file, sorted, to the standard output, instead of creating or modifying any files or directories in your working directory. Use the -d dir option to create a directory called dir for the working files, instead of using the module name. Unless you also use -N, the paths created under Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 11 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) dir will be as short as possible. Use the -s option to display per-module status informa- tion stored with the -s option within the modules file. [files...] commit [-lnR] [-m 'log_message' | -f file] [-r revision] Requires: working directory, repository. Changes: repository. Synonym: ci Use `cvs commit' when you want to incorporate changes from your working source files into the general source repository. If you don't specify particular files to commit, all of the files in your working current directory are exam- ined. commit is careful to change in the repository only those files that you have really changed. By default (or if you explicitly specify the -R option), files in subdirectories are also examined and committed if they have changed; you can use the -l option to limit commit to the current directory only. Sometimes you may want to force a file to be committed even though it is unchanged; this is achieved with the -f flag, which also has the effect of disabling recursion (you can turn it back on with -R of course). commit verifies that the selected files are up to date with the current revisions in the source repository; it will notify you, and exit without committing, if any of the specified files must be made current first with `cvs update'. commit does not call the update command for you, but rather leaves that for you to do when the time is right. When all is well, an editor is invoked to allow you to enter a log message that will be written to one or more logging programs and placed in the RCS source reposi- tory file. You can instead specify the log message on the command line with the -m option, thus suppressing the editor invocation, or use the -F option to specify that the argument file contains the log message. The -r option can be used to commit to a particular symbolic or numeric revision within the RCS file. For example, to bring all your files up to the RCS revision ``3.0'' (including those that haven't changed), you might do: example% cvs commit -r3.0 cvs will only allow you to commit to a revision that is Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 12 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) on the main trunk (a revision with a single dot). How- ever, you can also commit to a branch revision (one that has an even number of dots) with the -r option. To create a branch revision, one typically use the -b option of the rtag or tag commands. Then, either checkout or update can be used to base your sources on the newly created branch. From that point on, all com- mit changes made within these working sources will be automatically added to a branch revision, thereby not perturbing main-line development in any way. For exam- ple, if you had to create a patch to the 1.2 version of the product, even though the 2.0 version is already under development, you might do: example% cvs rtag -b -rFCS1_2 FCS1_2_Patch product_module example% cvs checkout -rFCS1_2_Patch product_module example% cd product_module [[ hack away ]] example% cvs commit Say you have been working on some extremely experimen- tal software, based on whatever revision you happened to checkout last week. If others in your group would like to work on this software with you, but without disturbing main-line development, you could commit your change to a new branch. Others can then checkout your experimental stuff and utilize the full benefit of cvs conflict resolution. The scenario might look like: example% cvs tag -b EXPR1 example% cvs update -rEXPR1 [[ hack away ]] example% cvs commit Others would simply do `cvs checkout -rEXPR1 whatever_module' to work with you on the experimental change. date2]] [files...] diff [-kl] [rcsdiff_options] [[-r rev1 | -D date1] [-r rev2 | -D Requires: working directory, repository. Changes: nothing. You can compare your working files with revisions in the source repository, with the `cvs diff' command. If you don't specify a particular revision, your files are compared with the revisions they were based on. You can also use the standard cvs command option -r to specify a particular revision to compare your files with. Finally, if you use -r twice, you can see differences between two revisions in the repository. You can also specify -D options to diff against a revi- sion in the past. The -r and -D options can be mixed Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 13 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) together with at most two options ever specified. See rcsdiff(1) for a list of other accepted options. If you don't specify any files, diff will display differences for all those files in the current direc- tory (and its subdirectories, unless you use the stan- dard option -l) that differ from the corresponding revision in the source repository (i.e. files that you have changed), or that differ from the revision speci- fied. export [-flNnQq] -r rev|-D date [-d dir] [-k kflag] module... Requires: repository. Changes: current directory. This command is a variant of `cvs checkout'; use it when you want a copy of the source for module without the cvs administrative directories. For example, you might use `cvs export' to prepare source for shipment off-site. This command requires that you specify a date or tag (with -D or -r), so that you can count on reproducing the source you ship to others. The only non-standard options are `-d dir' (write the source into directory dir) and `-N' (don't shorten module paths). These have the same meanings as the same options in `cvs checkout'. The -kv option is useful when export is used. This causes any RCS keywords to be expanded such that an import done at some other site will not lose the key- word revision information. Other kflags may be used with `cvs export' and are described in co(1). history [-report] [-flags] [-options args] [files...] Requires: the file `$CVSROOT/CVSROOT/history' Changes: nothing. cvs keeps a history file that tracks each use of the checkout, commit, rtag, update, and release commands. You can use `cvs history' to display this information in various formats. Warning: `cvs history' uses `-f', `-l', `-n', and `-p' in ways that conflict with the descriptions in COMMON COMMAND OPTIONS. Several options (shown above as -report) control what kind of report is generated: -c Report on each time commit was used (i.e., each time the repository was modified). Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 14 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) -m module Report on a particular module. (You can meaning- fully use -m more than once on the command line.) -o Report on checked-out modules. -T Report on all tags. -x type Extract a particular set of record types X from the cvs history. The types are indicated by sin- gle letters, which you may specify in combination. Certain commands have a single record type: checkout (type `O'), release (type `F'), and rtag (type `T'). One of four record types may result from an update: `W', when the working copy of a file is deleted during update (because it was gone from the repository); `U', when a working file was copied from the repository; `G', when a merge was necessary and it succeeded; and 'C', when a merge was necessary but collisions were detected (requiring manual merging). Finally, one of three record types results from commit: `M', when a file was modified; `A', when a file is first added; and `R', when a file is removed. -e Everything (all record types); equivalent to specifying `-xMACFROGWUT'. -z zone Use time zone zone when outputting history records. The zone name LT stands for local time; numeric offsets stand for hours and minutes ahead of UTC. For example, +0530 stands for 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of (i.e. east of) UTC. The options shown as -flags constrain the report without requiring option arguments: -a Show data for all users (the default is to show data only for the user executing `cvs history'). -l Show last modification only. -w Show only the records for modifications done from the same working directory where `cvs history' is executing. The options shown as -options args constrain the report based on an argument: -b str Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 15 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) Show data back to a record containing the string str in either the module name, the file name, or the repository path. -D date Show data since date. -p repository Show data for a particular source repository (you can specify several -p options on the same command line). -r rev Show records referring to revisions since the revision or tag named rev appears in individual RCS files. Each RCS file is searched for the revision or tag. -t tag Show records since tag tag was last added to the the history file. This differs from the -r flag above in that it reads only the history file, not the RCS files, and is much faster. -u name Show records for user name. import [-options] repository vendortag releasetag... Requires: Repository, source distribution directory. Changes: repository. Use `cvs import' to incorporate an entire source dis- tribution from an outside source (e.g., a source ven- dor) into your source repository directory. You can use this command both for initial creation of a reposi- tory, and for wholesale updates to the module form the outside source. The repository argument gives a directory name (or a path to a directory) under the CVS root directory for repositories; if the directory did not exist, import creates it. When you use import for updates to source that has been modified in your source repository (since a prior import), it will notify you of any files that conflict in the two branches of development; use `cvs checkout -j' to reconcile the differences, as import instructs you to do. By default, certain file names are ignored during `cvs import': names associated with CVS administration, or with other common source control systems; common names Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 16 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) for patch files, object files, archive files, and edi- tor backup files; and other names that are usually artifacts of assorted utilities. Currently, the default list of ignored files includes files matching these names: RCSLOG RCS SCCS CVS* cvslog.* tags TAGS .make.state .nse_depinfo *~ #* .#* ,* *.old *.bak *.BAK *.orig *.rej .del-* *.a *.o *.so *.Z *.elc *.ln core The outside source is saved in a first-level RCS branch, by default `1.1.1'. Updates are leaves of this branch; for example, files from the first imported col- lection of source will be revision `1.1.1.1', then files from the first imported update will be revision `1.1.1.2', and so on. At least three arguments are required. repository is needed to identify the collection of source. vendortag is a tag for the entire branch (e.g., for `1.1.1'). You must also specify at least one releasetag to iden- tify the files at the leaves created each time you exe- cute `cvs import'. One of the standard cvs command options is available: -m message. If you do not specify a logging message with -m, your editor is invoked (as with commit) to allow you to enter one. There are three additional special options. Use `-d' to specify that each file's time of last modification should be used for the checkin date and time. Use `-b branch' to specify a first-level branch other than `1.1.1'. Use `-I name' to specify file names that should be ignored during import. You can use this option repeat- edly. To avoid ignoring any files at all (even those ignored by default), specify `-I !'. log [-l] rlog-options [files...] Requires: repository, working directory. Changes: nothing. Synonym: rlog Display log information for files. `cvs log' calls the Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 17 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) RCS utility rlog; all the options described in rlog(1) are available. Among the more useful rlog options are -h to display only the header (including tag defini- tions, but omitting most of the full log); -r to select logs on particular revisions or ranges of revisions; and -d to select particular dates or date ranges. See rlog(1) for full explanations. This command is recur- sive by default, unless the -l option is specified. rdiff [-flags] [-V vn] [-r t|-D d [-r t2|-D d2]] modules... Requires: repository. Changes: nothing. Synonym: patch Builds a Larry Wall format patch(1) file between two releases, that can be fed directly into the patch pro- gram to bring an old release up-to-date with the new release. (This is one of the few cvs commands that operates directly from the repository, and doesn't require a prior checkout.) The diff output is sent to the standard output device. You can specify (using the standard -r and -D options) any combination of one or two revisions or dates. If only one revision or date is specified, the patch file reflects differences between that revision or date and the current ``head'' revisions in the RCS file. Note that if the software release affected is contained in more than one directory, then it may be necessary to specify the -p option to the patch command when patch- ing the old sources, so that patch is able to find the files that are located in other directories. If you use the option -V vn, RCS keywords are expanded according to the rules current in RCS version vn (the expansion format changed with RCS version 5). The standard option flags -f, and -l are available with this command. There are also several special options flags: If you use the -s option, no patch output is produced. Instead, a summary of the changed or added files between the two releases is sent to the standard output device. This is useful for finding out, for example, which files have changed between two dates or revi- sions. If you use the -t option, a diff of the top two revi- sions is sent to the standard output device. This is most useful for seeing what the last change to a file was. Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 18 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) If you use the -u option, the patch output uses the newer ``unidiff'' format for context diffs. You can use -c to explicitly specify the `diff -c' form of context diffs (which is the default), if you like. release [-dQq] modules... Requires: Working directory. Changes: Working directory, history log. This command is meant to safely cancel the effect of `cvs checkout'.' Since cvs doesn't lock files, it isn't strictly necessary to use this command. You can always simply delete your working directory, if you like; but you risk losing changes you may have forgotten, and you leave no trace in the cvs history file that you've abandoned your checkout. Use `cvs release' to avoid these problems. This com- mand checks that no un-committed changes are present; that you are executing it from immediately above, or inside, a cvs working directory; and that the reposi- tory recorded for your files is the same as the reposi- tory defined in the module database. If all these conditions are true, `cvs release' leaves a record of its execution (attesting to your intention- ally abandoning your checkout) in the cvs history log. You can use the -d flag to request that your working copies of the source files be deleted if the release succeeds. remove [-lR] [files...] Requires: Working directory. Changes: Working directory. Synonyms: rm, delete Use this command to declare that you wish to remove files from the source repository. Like most cvs com- mands, `cvs remove' works on files in your working directory, not directly on the repository. As a safe- guard, it also requires that you first erase the speci- fied files from your working directory. The files are not actually removed until you apply your changes to the repository with commit; at that point, the corresponding RCS files in the source repository are moved into the `Attic' directory (also within the source repository). This command is recursive by default, scheduling all physically removed files that it finds for removal by the next commit. Use the -l option to avoid this Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 19 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) recursion, or just specify that actual files that you wish remove to consider. modules... rtag [-falnRQq] [-b] [-d] [-r tag | -D date] symbolic_tag Requires: repository. Changes: repository. Synonym: rfreeze You can use this command to assign symbolic tags to particular, explicitly specified source versions in the repository. `cvs rtag' works directly on the reposi- tory contents (and requires no prior checkout). Use `cvs tag' instead, to base the selection of versions to tag on the contents of your working directory. In general, tags (often the symbolic names of software distributions) should not be removed, but the -d option is available as a means to remove completely obsolete symbolic names if necessary (as might be the case for an Alpha release, say). `cvs rtag' will not move a tag that already exists. With the -F option, however, `cvs rtag' will re-locate any instance of symbolic_tag that already exists on that file to the new repository versions. Without the -F option, attempting to use `cvs rtag' to apply a tag that already exists on that file will produce an error message. The -b option makes the tag a ``branch'' tag, allowing concurrent, isolated development. This is most useful for creating a patch to a previously released software distribution. You can use the standard -r and -D options to tag only those files that already contain a certain tag. This method would be used to rename a tag: tag only the files identified by the old tag, then delete the old tag, leaving the new tag on exactly the same files as the old tag. rtag executes recursively by default, tagging all sub- directories of modules you specify in the argument. You can restrict its operation to top-level directories with the standard -l option; or you can explicitly request recursion with -R. The modules database can specify a program to execute whenever a tag is specified; a typical use is to send electronic mail to a group of interested parties. If you want to bypass that program, use the standard -n option. Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 20 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) Use the -a option to have rtag look in the `Attic' for removed files that contain the specified tag. The tag is removed from these files, which makes it convenient to re-use a symbolic tag as development continues (and files get removed from the up-coming distribution). status [-lRqQ] [-v] [files...] Requires: working directory, repository. Changes: nothing. Display a brief report on the current status of files with respect to the source repository, including any ``sticky'' tags, dates, or -k options. (``Sticky'' options will restrict how `cvs update' operates until you reset them; see the description of `cvs update -A...'.) You can also use this command to anticipate the poten- tial impact of a `cvs update' on your working source directory. If you do not specify any files explicitly, reports are shown for all files that cvs has placed in your working directory. You can limit the scope of this search to the current directory itself (not its subdirectories) with the standard -l option flag; or you can explicitly request recursive status reports with the -R option. The -v option causes the symbolic tags for the RCS file to be displayed as well. [files...] tag [-lQqR] [-F] [-b] [-d] [-r tag | -D date] [-f] symbolic_tag Requires: working directory, repository. Changes: repository. Synonym: freeze Use this command to assign symbolic tags to the nearest repository versions to your working sources. The tags are applied immediately to the repository, as with rtag. One use for tags is to record a ``snapshot'' of the current sources when the software freeze date of a pro- ject arrives. As bugs are fixed after the freeze date, only those changed sources that are to be part of the release need be re-tagged. The symbolic tags are meant to permanently record which revisions of which files were used in creating a software distribution. The checkout, export and update commands allow you to extract an exact copy of a tagged release at any time in the future, regardless of whether files have been changed, added, or removed since the release was tagged. Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 21 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) You can use the standard -r and -D options to tag only those files that already contain a certain tag. This method would be used to rename a tag: tag only the files identified by the old tag, then delete the old tag, leaving the new tag on exactly the same files as the old tag. Specifying the -f flag in addition to the -r or -D flags will tag those files named on the command line even if they do not contain the old tag or did not exist on the specified date. By default (without a -r or -D flag) the versions to be tagged are supplied implicitly by the cvs records of your working files' history rather than applied expli- citly. If you use `cvs tag -d symbolic_tag...', the symbolic tag you specify is deleted instead of being added. Warning: Be very certain of your ground before you delete a tag; doing this effectively discards some his- torical information, which may later turn out to have been valuable. `cvs tag' will not move a tag that already exists. With the -F option, however, `cvs tag' will re-locate any instance of symbolic_tag that already exists on that file to the new repository versions. Without the -F option, attempting to use `cvs tag' to apply a tag that already exists on that file will produce an error message. The -b option makes the tag a ``branch'' tag, allowing concurrent, isolated development. This is most useful for creating a patch to a previously released software distribution. Normally, tag executes recursively through subdirec- tories; you can prevent this by using the standard -l option, or specify the recursion explicitly by using -R. update [-AdflPpQqR] [-d] [-r tag|-D date] files... Requires: repository, working directory. Changes: working directory. After you've run checkout to create your private copy of source from the common repository, other developers will continue changing the central source. From time to time, when it is convenient in your development pro- cess, you can use the update command from within your working directory to reconcile your work with any revi- sions applied to the source repository since your last Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 22 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) checkout or update. update keeps you informed of its progress by printing a line for each file, prefaced with one of the characters `U A R M C ?' to indicate the status of the file: U file The file was brought up to date with respect to the repository. This is done for any file that exists in the repository but not in your source, and for files that you haven't changed but are not the most recent versions available in the reposi- tory. A file The file has been added to your private copy of the sources, and will be added to the RCS source repository when you run `cvs commit' on the file. This is a reminder to you that the file needs to be committed. R file The file has been removed from your private copy of the sources, and will be removed from the RCS source repository when you run `cvs commit' on the file. This is a reminder to you that the file needs to be committed. M file The file is modified in your working directory. `M' can indicate one of two states for a file you're working on: either there were no modifica- tions to the same file in the repository, so that your file remains as you last saw it; or there were modifications in the repository as well as in your copy, but they were merged successfully, without conflict, in your working directory. C file A conflict was detected while trying to merge your changes to file with changes from the source repo- sitory. file (the copy in your working directory) is now the output of the rcsmerge(1) command on the two versions; an unmodified copy of your file is also in your working directory, with the name `.#file.version', where version is the RCS revi- sion that your modified file started from. (Note that some systems automatically purge files that begin with `.#' if they have not been accessed for a few days. If you intend to keep a copy of your original file, it is a very good idea to rename it.) ? file file is in your working directory, but does not correspond to anything in the source repository, and is not in the list of files for cvs to ignore (see the description of the -I option). Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 23 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) Use the -A option to reset any sticky tags, dates, or -k options. (If you get a working copy of a file by using one of the -r, -D, or -k options, cvs remembers the corresponding tag, date, or kflag and continues using it on future updates; use the -A option to make cvs forget these specifications, and retrieve the ``head'' version of the file). The -jbranch option merges the changes made between the resulting revision and the revision that it is based on (e.g., if the tag refers to a branch, cvs will merge all changes made in that branch into your working file). With two -j options, cvs will merge in the changes between the two respective revisions. This can be used to ``remove'' a certain delta from your working file. E.g., If the file foo.c is based on revision 1.6 and I want to remove the changes made between 1.3 and 1.5, I might do: example% cvs update -j1.5 -j1.3 foo.c # note the order... In addition, each -j option can contain on optional date specification which, when used with branches, can limit the chosen revision to one within a specific date. An optional date is specified by adding a colon (:) to the tag. -jSymbolic_Tag:Date_Specifier Use the -d option to create any directories that exist in the repository if they're missing from the working directory. (Normally, update acts only on directories and files that were already enrolled in your working directory.) This is useful for updating directories that were created in the repository since the initial checkout; but it has an unfortunate side effect. If you deliberately avoided certain directories in the repository when you created your working directory (either through use of a module name or by listing explicitly the files and directories you wanted on the command line), then updating with -d will create those directories, which may not be what you want. Use -I name to ignore files whose names match name (in your working directory) during the update. You can specify -I more than once on the command line to specify several files to ignore. By default, update ignores files whose names match any of the following: RCSLOG RCS SCCS Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 24 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) CVS* cvslog.* tags TAGS .make.state .nse_depinfo *~ #* .#* ,* *.old *.bak *.BAK *.orig *.rej .del-* *.a *.o *.so *.Z *.elc *.ln core Use `-I !' to avoid ignoring any files at all. The standard cvs command options -f, -k, -l, -P, -p, and -r are also available with update. FILES For more detailed information on cvs supporting files, see cvs(5). Files in home directories: The cvs initialisation file. Lines in this file can be used to specify default options for each cvs command. For example the line `diff -c' will ensure that `cvs diff' is always passed the -c option in addition to any other options passed on the command line. the Specifies wrappers to be used in addition to those specified in CVSROOT/cvswrappers file in the repository. Files in working directories: CVS A directory of cvs administrative files. Do not delete. CVS/Entries List and status of files in your working directory. CVS/Entries.Backup A backup of `CVS/Entries'. CVS/Entries.Static Flag: do not add more entries on `cvs update'. CVS/Root Pathname to the repository ( CVSROOT ) location at the time of checkout. This file is used instead of the CVSROOT environment variable if the environment vari- able is not set. A warning message will be issued when the contents of this file and the CVSROOT environment variable differ. The file may be over-ridden by the presence of the CVS_IGNORE_REMOTE_ROOT environment variable. Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 25 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) CVS/Repository Pathname to the corresponding directory in the source repository. CVS/Tag Contains the per-directory ``sticky'' tag or date information. This file is created/updated when you specify -r or -D to the checkout or update commands, and no files are specified. CVS/Checkin.prog Name of program to run on `cvs commit'. CVS/Update.prog Name of program to run on `cvs update'. Files in source repositories: $CVSROOT/CVSROOT Directory of global administrative files for reposi- tory. CVSROOT/commitinfo,v Records programs for filtering `cvs commit' requests. CVSROOT/history Log file of cvs transactions. CVSROOT/modules,v Definitions for modules in this repository. CVSROOT/loginfo,v Records programs for piping `cvs commit' log entries. CVSROOT/rcsinfo,v Records pathnames to templates used during a `cvs com- mit' operation. CVSROOT/editinfo,v Records programs for editing/validating `cvs commit' log entries. CVSROOT/cvswrappers,v Records cvs wrapper commands to be used when checking files into and out of the repository. Wrappers are essentially directories that are to be treated as files. This file allows wrappers to be processed on the way in and out of CVS. The intended use is to wrap up a wrapper into a single tar, such that that tar can be treated as a single binary file in cvs. CVSROOT/taginfo,v Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 26 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) Records programs for validating/logging `cvs tag' and `cvs rtag' operations. Attic Directory for removed source files. #cvs.lock A lock directory created by cvs when doing sensitive changes to the RCS source repository. #cvs.tfl.pid Temporary lock file for repository. #cvs.rfl.pid A read lock. #cvs.wfl.pid A write lock. ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES CVSROOT Should contain the full pathname to the root of the cvs source repository (where the RCS files are kept). This information must be available to cvs for most commands to execute; if CVSROOT is not set, or if you wish to override it for one invocation, you can supply it on the command line: `cvs -d cvsroot cvs_command...' You may not need to set CVSROOT if your cvs binary has the right path compiled in; use `cvs -v' to display all compiled-in paths. CVSREAD If this is set, checkout and update will try hard to make the files in your working directory read-only. When this is not set, the default behavior is to permit modification of your working files. RCSBIN Specifies the full pathname where to find RCS programs, such as co(1) and ci(1). If not set, a compiled-in value is used; see the display from `cvs -v'. CVSEDITOR Specifies the program to use for recording log messages during commit. If not set, the EDITOR environment variable is used instead. If EDITOR is not set either, the default is /usr/ucb/vi. CVS_IGNORE_REMOTE_ROOT If this variable is set then cvs will ignore all refer- ences to remote repositories in the CVS/Root file. Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 27 CVS(1) USER COMMANDS CVS(1) CVS_RSH cvs uses the contents of this variable to determine the name of the remote shell command to use when starting a cvs server. If this variable is not set then `rsh' is used. CVS_SERVER cvs uses the contents of this variable to determine the name of the cvs server command. If this variable is not set then `cvs' is used. CVSWRAPPERS This variable is used by the `cvswrappers' script to determine the name of the wrapper file, in addition to the wrappers defaults contained in the repository (CVSROOT/cvswrappers) and the user's home directory (~/.cvswrappers). AUTHORS Dick Grune Original author of the cvs shell script version posted to comp.sources.unix in the volume6 release of December, 1986. Credited with much of the cvs conflict resolution algorithms. Brian Berliner Coder and designer of the cvs program itself in April, 1989, based on the original work done by Dick. Jeff Polk Helped Brian with the design of the cvs module and ven- dor branch support and author of the checkin(1) shell script (the ancestor of `cvs import'). SEE ALSO ci(1), co(1), cvs(5), cvsbug(8), cvsinit(8), diff(1), grep(1), mkmodules(1), patch(1), rcs(1), rcsdiff(1), rcsmerge(1), rlog(1), rm(1), sort(1). Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 1996/04/15 28